Marcel Proust lived in France from 1871-1922. The work is semi-autobiographical, with a degree of self awareness (pg. 291, "So Swann reasonsed with himself, for the young man whom he had failed, at first, to identify, was himself also; like certain novelists, he had distributed his own personality between two characters, him who was the 'first person' in the dream, and another...").
Proust is writing about France during the French Third Republic after the fall of the second empire and Napoleon III. It was a time of political uncertainty but artistic growth. Though the landed nobility was abolished during the French Revolution, use of French titles returned with Napoleon III, and Proust uses these titles often in "Swann's Way", where he has a lot to say about the class situation of the time.
Interesting stuff: The Infamous Proust Questionnaire
It's all about the mom.
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